In February 2025, the Trump administration imposed significant sanctions on the International Criminal Court (ICC) through an executive order, citing its actions against U.S. nationals and allies, particularly regarding the ICC's investigation of Israeli leaders accused of war crimes. The sanctions included economic and travel bans on ICC officials and individuals supporting its activities against the U.S. or Israel, stating that such measures were necessary for U.S. national security. The administration claimed that the ICC lacked jurisdiction over U.S. and Israeli nationals since neither is a member of the ICC or a signatory to the Rome Statute. The sanctions coincided with ICC-issued arrest warrants against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Israeli officials, including Netanyahu, condemned the ICC's actions as politically motivated and praised the U.S. response. The political ideologies of Trumpism and Netanyahu's government share similarities, emphasizing nationalism, state sovereignty, and a rejection of international legal scrutiny. Both portray themselves as defenders of national identity against perceived unfair global interventions. Additionally, while not directly comparable, some commentators draw links between Trumpism and Nazi extremism in their communication and political strategies, highlighting the need for careful analysis of their similarities and differences.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first permanent global court dedicated to prosecuting individuals for serious international crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and, since 2018, the crime of aggression. Established under the Rome Statute in 1998, the ICC operates from The Hague, Netherlands, aiming to hold accountable those responsible for atrocities, especially when national systems fail to act. It complements national jurisdictions and functions as a last resort. The court's jurisdiction is limited to crimes committed after July 1, 2002, and involves the territory or nationals of member states or cases referred by the UN Security Council. The ICC executes its mandate through investigations initiated by member states, the UN Security Council, or the ICC Prosecutor, subject to judicial review. Over the years, it has issued arrest warrants for numerous figures, including leaders from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Sudan, Libya, and more recently, Russia and Israel. The court also emphasizes victims' participation, allowing them to engage in proceedings and seek reparations, ensuring fair trials rooted in both civil and common law traditions while fighting against impunity and promoting global justice.

During Donald Trump’s first presidency (2017-2021), economic sanctions became a key tool of U.S. foreign policy, targeting countries such as Iran, Venezuela, North Korea, Russia, China, and Cuba. The sanctions aimed to address specific behaviors perceived as threats to U.S. interests and global stability. For Iran, the “maximum pressure” campaign intensified following the U.S. withdrawal from the nuclear deal, focusing on its nuclear program, terrorism, and human rights abuses. Venezuela faced sanctions for human rights violations and corruption, aiming to pressure a transition of power. North Korea's sanctions aimed to constrain its nuclear ambitions and cybercrime. Russia was sanctioned for its aggressive actions, including election interference and human rights violations, while China dealt with sanctions over intellectual property theft and treatment of Uyghurs. Cuba’s sanctions were strengthened due to human rights abuses and support for Venezuela. The sanctions took various forms, such as asset freezes and trade bans, leading to severe economic and social consequences in targeted nations, including skyrocketing inflation, economic collapses, healthcare crises, and widespread discontent among citizens. Ultimately, over 3,900 new sanctions were imposed, marking an unprecedented increase in economic pressure on these countries.

In 2016, the Russian government executed a comprehensive electoral interference operation aimed at undermining Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign and promoting Donald Trump, known as Project Lakhta. This led to the "Russiagate" scandal, provoking multiple investigations by U.S. intelligence and law enforcement. The FBI initiated the Crossfire Hurricane investigation in July 2016 to explore connections between Trump associates and Russian officials. In May 2017, Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel, revealing that Russian interference was "sweeping and systematic," resulting in multiple indictments of Russian nationals and Trump campaign officials for various offenses. Key methods of interference included the Internet Research Agency (IRA), which ran a social media campaign favoring Trump while disparaging Clinton and amplifying societal discord. The IRA created fake social media accounts and targeted millions of users. Additionally, the Russian intelligence agency GRU conducted cyberattacks, hacking Democratic Party email accounts, including those of John Podesta, and releasing stolen materials strategically prior to the election. The IRA's tactics aimed to create division across the political spectrum, making it a central player in the Russian interference campaign.