The Relationship Between Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orbán

The relationship between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán is marked by political affinity and significant divergence from mainstream EU policies, particularly regarding the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Unlike other EU leaders, Orbán maintains warm ties with Putin, even after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which has led to his perception as the EU's most pro-Russia leader. Hungary's dependence on Russian energy—receiving about 75% of its natural gas and 80% of its oil—underpins Orbán's opposition to EU sanctions against Moscow. Politically, Orbán has pursued nationalist, Eurosceptic policies that challenge EU fundamental principles, such as judicial independence and media freedom, leading to Hungary being labeled an “electoral autocracy.” Diplomatically, Hungary's alignment with Russia complicates EU foreign policy, often allowing Orbán to leverage veto power on sanctions and aid for Ukraine. The EU's response has transitioned from reluctance to assertiveness, utilizing legal actions and political tools, including infringement proceedings against Hungary for breaches of EU law. This evolving strategy aims to counter Hungary's democratic backsliding and uphold EU values, despite its significant economic ties to the EU and reliance on its budgetary support.