Sanctions against Cuba, based on claims of harboring Colombian guerrilla members, lack concrete evidence and misrepresent Cuba’s integral role in the Colombian peace process. The presence of guerrilla representatives was essential for facilitating peace talks, not for subversive purposes, highlighting a hypocrisy in punishing Cuba while exempting other neutral facilitators like Norway. Neutral ground is crucial for successful peace negotiations, as it allows all parties to engage without fear of retribution, a principle historically upheld by nations like Switzerland. Cuba’s partnership with Norway in the Colombian peace process showcases their commitment to peacebuilding, with Norway's esteemed reputation enhancing the legitimacy of the negotiations. Penalizing Cuba for hosting these talks undermines international efforts to foster diplomacy, sending a harmful message that even legitimate mediation may attract sanctions. This counterproductive approach threatens the foundation of international peacemaking, where neutral mediators play a vital role in encouraging dialogue. The precedent set by sanctioning supporters of peace is detrimental, as it discourages future neutral platforms that could facilitate conflict resolution, ultimately jeopardizing the prospects for lasting peace.

Cuba's constitution guarantees freedom of religion and prohibits discrimination, declaring the nation a secular state. However, these guarantees are often undermined by a restrictive legal framework controlled by the Communist Party through the Office of Religious Affairs (ORA). All religious groups must seek legal recognition from the Ministry of Justice, facing arbitrary enforcement that frequently denies registration to new or dissenting groups. The government actively restricts religious expression and assembly, criminalizing criticism of the state made by religious leaders. Strategies to control religious communities include denying legal status to many churches, imposing heavy fines for unauthorized worship, and subjecting leaders to surveillance and harassment. Arbitrary detentions are common, especially for those supporting humanitarian causes or political prisoners. Religious groups also face interference in worship, travel restrictions, and the threat of confiscation or demolition of their places of worship. While Roman Catholicism remains the largest faith in Cuba, it operates under significant government regulation, with limitations on new church openings and charitable activities. Other groups, particularly independent Protestant and Afro-Cuban religions, experience even harsher scrutiny, effectively criminalizing their practices.

The Cuban Constitution outlines strong commitments to human rights, equality, and liberty, closely reflecting the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Key articles forbid discrimination and highlight the state's obligation to ensure freedom and dignity for all citizens. However, despite this robust framework, the Cuban government frequently violates both its constitution and international human rights norms. Restrictions on freedoms of expression, assembly, and political participation are pervasive, undermining constitutional guarantees. For instance, while freedom of speech is nominally protected, it is limited to content that aligns with socialist goals, leading to systematic censorship and repression of dissent. This creates a stark contrast between the state's claims of commitment to human rights and the reality faced by the Cuban people, including harassment, arbitrary detention, and a lack of independent judicial processes. The absence of competitive elections and the dominance of the Communist Party further restrict political participation. The result is significant suffering among citizens, particularly those opposing the regime, who face severe repercussions for their activism. The disparity between constitutional ideals and state practices reveals a profound hypocrisy in Cuba’s governance, undermining the promise of freedom and equality for its people.

The LGBTQAI+ community has faced severe state-enforced oppression and criminalization across various regimes, notably in Cuba, under Trumpism in the U.S., and during Nazi Germany. Initially, Cuba's government viewed homosexuality as a threat, enacting laws that criminalized it and sidelining LGBTQAI+ individuals in society. Trumpism has attempted to reverse legal protections for queer people and redefine sex strictly in binary terms, posing dangers to transgender and nonbinary identities. In Nazi Germany, laws were modified to criminalize homosexuality, leading to the arrest, imprisonment, and deaths of many queer individuals. Each regime employed forced detention, labor, and violence to control LGBTQAI+ populations. In Cuba, UMAPs subjected many to forced labor, while Nazi concentration camps saw brutal treatment and extermination of homosexuals. Although Trumpism hasn't led to similar camps, recent policies threaten the safety and autonomy of trans individuals. Moreover, all three systems suppressed public visibility and rights, enforcing silence and marginalization. Legal protections for LGBTQAI+ individuals have been inconsistent in Cuba, while Trumpism has pursued the removal of anti-discrimination laws. The Nazi regime entrenched the criminal status of queerness, denying justice and visibility. Ultimately, these regimes have systematically sought to erase queer identities from public life.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates serious violations of international law, but its jurisdiction is limited, particularly in Cuba, as the country is not a party to the Rome Statute. Consequently, the ICC cannot automatically prosecute crimes committed in Cuba or by Cuban nationals unless the government accedes to the Rome Statute or accepts the court’s jurisdiction through a special declaration. Cuban individuals and groups have filed complaints highlighting severe human rights violations by the state, including allegations of exploitation of medical professionals during overseas missions, forced labor, arbitrary detention, political persecution, and repression of dissent. Reports detail harsh treatment of political prisoners, including inhumane detention conditions and lack of due process. The general population faces significant suffering due to arbitrary arrests, unjust trials, food and medicine shortages, and a censored media environment. For the ICC to act, the Cuban government must take legal steps, either by ratifying the Rome Statute or submitting a declaration. Therefore, it is crucial for Cuban citizens, human rights defenders, and civil society organizations to advocate for ICC jurisdiction, thereby fostering accountability and supporting victims’ rights in a struggle for transparency and the rule of law.

The Trump administration significantly escalated sanctions on Cuba, reversing the normalization efforts of the Obama era. Key measures included redesignating Cuba as a “state sponsor of terrorism” in January 2021, which imposed additional restrictions like prohibitions on defense exports, limitations on financial transactions, and strict travel bans. Notably, individual travel categories were largely eliminated, cruise visits were suspended, and remittance caps imposed, impacting the financial support Cuban Americans could provide to their families. The administration invoked several justifications for these actions, alleging Cuba's support for international terrorism and destabilizing practices in the region. Allegations included harboring U.S. fugitives, refusing to extradite Colombian guerrillas, and aiding Nicolás Maduro's regime in Venezuela. However, the administration failed to provide concrete evidence to substantiate these claims, raising skepticism among international allies and experts. Most notably, accusations regarding Cuba's involvement in the "Havana Syndrome" lacked scientific validation. The sanctions, viewed as a penalty, highlight the principle that such measures should be grounded in proven wrongdoing, urging that evidence should underpin any punitive action.