Operation Iron Wall and the Strategic Reconfiguration of Judea and Samaria: A Comprehensive Analysis of the 2024–2025 Campaign
1. Introduction: The Strategic Shift from Management to Decision
The period spanning late 2024 through November 2025 marked a definitive rupture in the geopolitical and security architecture of the West Bank, administratively referred to by the Israeli government as Judea and Samaria. For nearly two decades following the Second Intifada, Israeli security doctrine in the territory was governed by the principle of "mowing the lawn"—a strategy of containment characterized by periodic, intelligence-driven raids designed to degrade militant capabilities without seeking a fundamental alteration of the territorial or political status quo. This paradigm collapsed in the wake of the October 7 attacks and the subsequent war in Gaza, replaced by a doctrine of "decision" and "root canal" warfare aimed at the total dismantling of Palestinian armed resistance and the structural re-engineering of the territory.1
The manifestation of this new doctrine was Operation Iron Wall (Mivtza Homet Barzel), launched in January 2025. This campaign represents the largest and most kinetic Israeli military operation in the West Bank since Operation Defensive Shield in 2002.1 Unlike previous incursions, Operation Iron Wall was not merely a counter-terrorism sweep; it functioned as a synchronized military-civilian effort to reshape the demographic and physical reality of the northern West Bank. The operation, which commenced shortly after a fragile ceasefire took effect in Gaza, utilized air power, armored divisions, and heavy engineering equipment to impose full military control over key refugee camps, resulting in the forced displacement of tens of thousands of Palestinians.4
Concurrently, the West Bank witnessed an unprecedented escalation in settler violence, which evolved from sporadic vigilante attacks into organized, semi-state-sanctioned pogroms. This violence, often occurring under the protection or acquiescence of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), targeted rural Palestinian communities in Area C, complementing the military’s pressure on urban centers in Area A.6 The convergence of these military and settler campaigns suggests a strategic alignment with the "Decisive Plan" advocated by Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich, aiming to foreclose the possibility of a Palestinian state by rendering the maintenance of Palestinian life in key strategic zones untenable.8
This report provides an exhaustive analysis of these developments, drawing on military communiqués, humanitarian reports from the United Nations and Human Rights Watch, and geopolitical assessments. It examines the operational mechanics of Iron Wall, the humanitarian catastrophe of the "erased" camps, the collapse of the Palestinian Authority's security monopoly, and the international ramifications, including the unprecedented imposition of sanctions by Western and Asian governments on violent settler entities.
2. The Strategic Prelude: The Collapse of the Status Quo (Late 2024)
2.1 The Failure of "Mowing the Lawn"
By the third quarter of 2024, the Israeli security establishment had concluded that the containment strategy in the West Bank was no longer viable. The proliferation of localized "battalion" structures—specifically the Jenin Brigade and the Tulkarem Brigade—had created autonomous zones of resistance where the Palestinian Authority (PA) exercised no effective control and where IDF incursions faced increasingly sophisticated resistance, including the heavy use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs).2
In August 2024, the IDF launched Operation Summer Camps, a ten-day concentrated effort in Jenin and Tulkarem initiated in response to a failed suicide attack in Tel Aviv. While this operation resulted in the deaths of at least 59 Palestinians and significant damage to militant infrastructure, it was deemed "inconclusive" by Israeli strategic planners.2 The resistance groups, though battered, retained their command structures and lethal capabilities. This operational stalemate, combined with the ongoing war of attrition in Gaza, hardened the Israeli political echelon's resolve. Defense Minister Yoav Gallant explicitly stated that Israel would need to transition from "mowing the lawn" to "pulling out the roots," signaling a shift toward high-intensity warfare.2
2.2 The "Decisive Plan" and the Political Engine
The intensification of military operations cannot be decoupled from the ideological framework of the governing coalition. The primary intellectual architect of the 2025 strategy is Bezalel Smotrich, who serves as both Finance Minister and a minister within the Defense Ministry with authority over the Civil Administration. His "Decisive Plan," originally published in 2017, argues that the two-state solution is a "dead end" and proposes a binary choice for Palestinians: renounce national aspirations and live as residents under Israeli sovereignty, or emigrate.8
By 2025, the mechanisms to implement this plan were fully operational. Smotrich’s control over the Settlement Administration allowed for the accelerated approval of settlement expansion and the enforcement of demolition orders against Palestinian structures in Area C. The military operations of 2025 were thus viewed by critics and analysts as the "kinetic arm" of this political strategy, designed to break the demographic and militant strongholds that posed the greatest obstacle to Israeli annexation.8
2.3 The Gaza Nexus and Regional "Ring of Fire"
The timing of the West Bank escalation was intimately linked to the Gaza theater. The "Unity of Fields" doctrine espoused by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) posits that all fronts—Gaza, the West Bank, Lebanon, and Yemen—are interconnected. Israeli intelligence assessments indicated that Iran was actively attempting to flood the West Bank with advanced weaponry, smuggling arms through the Jordanian border to open a new active front in its "Ring of Fire" strategy against Israel.2
Consequently, when a temporary ceasefire was announced in Gaza on January 19, 2025, Israeli planners seized the operational window. With the southern front temporarily stabilized, the IDF pivoted massive resources—including the 98th Paratroopers Division, the Kfir Brigade, and specialized commando units like Duvdevan and Maglan—to the West Bank theater.4 This redeployment marked the West Bank’s transition from a secondary policing theater to a primary combat zone.
3. Operation Iron Wall: Operational Timeline and Tactics
3.1 The Trigger and the Deception (January 17–21, 2025)
The launch of Operation Iron Wall was preceded by a brief and ultimately failed attempt by the Palestinian Authority to reassert control. In December 2024, the PA launched Operation Protect the Homeland in Jenin, aiming to dismantle the Jenin Brigades and restore its monopoly on violence. This operation sparked fierce inter-Palestinian fighting but failed to dislodge the militants.13
On January 17, 2025, a truce was signed between the PA and the Jenin Brigades. However, the deal collapsed within 48 hours, with fighting resuming on January 19.4 The IDF, having monitored the PA’s failure, launched Operation Iron Wall on January 21, 2025. The operation began with deceptive calm; initially, it appeared to be another routine raid. However, the scale of the forces amassed—including armored personnel carriers, D9 bulldozers, and drone squadrons—quickly revealed a different intent.1
3.2 Phase I: The Northern Triangle (January–February 2025)
The initial phase of the operation focused on the "Northern Triangle" of Jenin, Tulkarem, and Tubas.
Jenin: The IDF declared Jenin a closed military zone. Using drone strikes to target lookouts and command centers, ground forces moved methodically into the Jenin Refugee Camp. The operation targeted the "Al-Hadaf" and "Al-Basateen" neighborhoods specifically, which were considered militant strongholds.5 By early February, the IDF had established full operational control over the camp, a feat not accomplished since 2002.4
Tulkarem and Nur Shams: In parallel, forces struck the Tulkarem and Nur Shams camps. On January 27, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) conducted targeted airstrikes in Tulkarem, killing key Hamas and PIJ commanders. This use of fixed-wing aircraft and attack drones in the West Bank represented a significant escalation in the rules of engagement.4
Tubas and Far'a: The operation expanded to the Tubas governorate on January 27. The Far'a refugee camp and the town of Tammun were placed under siege. By January 29, strict curfews were enforced, trapping residents in their homes while military operations proceeded.5
3.3 Tactical Innovation: The "Gaza Model" in the West Bank
Operation Iron Wall was characterized by the importation of tactics developed during the Gaza war into the West Bank’s dense urban terrain.
Table 1: Tactical Shift in IDF West Bank Operations (2024 vs. 2025)
Tactical Element
Pre-2025 "Mowing the Lawn"
Operation Iron Wall (2025)
Duration
Hours to Days (Raids)
Weeks to Months (Campaigns)
Air Support
Surveillance Drones
Attack Drones, Helicopters, Fixed-Wing Strikes
Engineering
Localized Obstacle Removal
Systematic "Razing" by D9 Bulldozers
Engagement
Arrest/Targeted Killings
Suppression Fire, Tank Shelling, Siege
Population
Localized Evacuations
Mass Forced Displacement (Whole Camps)
Command
Central Command (Police/Intel)
Division-Level Maneuver (98th Division)
The Role of Engineering Corps: The most destructive element of the operation was the deployment of D9 armored bulldozers. Ostensibly used to clear roads of IEDs planted by militants, these machines were used to rip up entire streets, destroying water mains, sewage systems, and electricity grids embedded beneath the asphalt. In Jenin alone, over 5km of critical road networks were destroyed, including the primary access routes to the Jenin Governmental Hospital.5 This tactic, often referred to as "infrastructure denial," served the dual purpose of neutralizing IED threats and rendering the urban environment uninhabitable for the civilian population.
Siege Warfare: In a controversial move, IDF forces surrounded key medical facilities, including the Ibn Sina Hospital and Jenin Governmental Hospital. Ambulances were searched and often delayed, with the IDF claiming that militants were using ambulances for transport—a charge vehemently denied by medical NGOs. This siege effectively cut off the wounded from life-saving care during the height of combat.5
4. The Humanitarian Catastrophe: "All My Dreams Have Been Erased"
4.1 The Scale of Displacement
The defining humanitarian feature of Operation Iron Wall was the mass forced displacement of Palestinian civilians. By late February 2025, between 32,000 and 40,000 residents had been displaced from the Jenin, Tulkarem, and Nur Shams refugee camps.4 This figure represents the largest single displacement event in the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War.
In the Jenin refugee camp, over 90% of the 20,000 residents were forced to flee to Jenin city and surrounding villages.5 Similarly, Tulkarem camp saw 90% of its 12,000 residents displaced.5 The displacement was not merely a reaction to fighting but a result of direct coercion. Residents reported that IDF soldiers moved methodically through the camps, utilizing loudspeakers mounted on drones to issue "immediate evacuation" orders. Those who delayed or attempted to move in unauthorized directions were threatened with sniper fire.15
4.2 Conditions of the Displaced
The displaced population found themselves in a precarious legal and humanitarian limbo. Unlike in Gaza, where UNRWA facilities often serve as designated shelters, the West Bank lacks the infrastructure to support tens of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) simultaneously. Many sought refuge in local mosques, schools, or with host families in surrounding villages, stretching local resources to the breaking point.15
Preventing Return: A critical aspect of the operation was the prevention of return. Even after active combat operations in specific sectors concluded, the IDF maintained a heavy presence, declaring the camps "closed military zones." Human Rights Watch documented instances where residents attempting to check on their homes were fired upon. Ten months after the initial displacement, the vast majority of residents had still not been permitted to return, raising fears of permanent demographic engineering.15
4.3 Systematic Destruction of Civilian Infrastructure
Satellite imagery analysis conducted by UNOSAT and Human Rights Watch confirmed the destruction of over 850 homes and buildings across the three camps.15 The destruction was not random; it focused on widening narrow alleyways to allow for the passage of armored vehicles—a tactic reminiscent of Ariel Sharon’s operations in Gaza in the 1970s.
The destruction of water and sewage infrastructure created a public health crisis. In Tulkarem and Jenin, municipal reports indicated that nearly all functioning water networks within the camps had been compromised by D9 bulldozers.14 This deliberate degradation of essential services supports the assessment of international observers that the operation aimed to make the camps "unlivable" in the long term.20
4.4 International Legal Assessments
In November 2025, Human Rights Watch released a landmark report titled "All My Dreams Have Been Erased: Israel’s Forced Displacement of Palestinians in the West Bank." The report concluded that the Israeli actions amounted to war crimes and crimes against humanity, specifically the crimes of forcible transfer and persecution.18 The report argued that the destruction of homes and infrastructure was extensive, wanton, and not justified by military necessity, suggesting an intent to permanently displace the population.22 The UN Special Rapporteur, Francesca Albanese, went further, characterizing the events as "ethnic cleansing" mirroring the Nakba of 1948.23
5. The Second Front: Settler Violence and State Complicity
While the IDF conducted high-intensity operations in the northern refugee camps, a parallel campaign of violence was waged by armed Israeli settlers against Palestinian communities in Area C. By late 2025, settler violence had evolved from sporadic "price tag" attacks into organized, large-scale pogroms.
5.1 The Surge of November 2025
The violence reached a crescendo in November 2025, coinciding with the olive harvest season—a traditionally volatile period. OCHA documented over 260 settler attacks in October 2025 alone, the highest monthly total since recording began in 2006.24
The Bayt Lid and Deir Sharaf Pogroms (November 11–12, 2025): In one of the most brazen incidents, a mob of approximately 200 masked settlers descended on the villages of Bayt Lid and Deir Sharaf. Splitting into two groups, they systematically attacked a Bedouin community and a commercial area. They torched homes, vehicles, and the Juneidi Dairy factory, causing millions of shekels in damage. When IDF troops arrived, they did not arrest the settlers immediately; instead, the settlers reportedly attacked the soldiers as well, damaging a military vehicle.7 Despite the severity of the attack, arrests were minimal, and suspects were released shortly thereafter.26
The Al-Jab'a Attack: Following the evacuation of the illegal outpost of Tzur Misgavi by Israeli authorities, settlers launched a "revenge" attack on the nearby village of Al-Jab'a. They burned property and physically assaulted residents while security forces stood by.27
5.2 The Mechanism of Impunity
The escalation in settler violence was facilitated by a climate of total impunity and state complicity.
Dismantling Law Enforcement: Under National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, the police force in the West Bank (Judea and Samaria District) was systematically deprioritized regarding settler crime. Investigations into settler violence dropped by 73% since 2023.28
Operational Complicity: In numerous documented incidents, IDF soldiers were present during settler attacks but failed to intervene to protect Palestinians, often focusing instead on dispersing the Palestinian victims using riot control means.25
Administrative Protection: Defense Minister Israel Katz reduced the use of administrative detention against Jewish extremists, replacing punitive measures with "dialogue" and funding for settlement defense, which effectively emboldened radical groups.29
5.3 The "Hilltop Youth" and the Settler Battalions
The violence was spearheaded by radicalized groups known as the "Hilltop Youth," who operate from illegal outposts deep in the West Bank. These groups, often armed with military-grade weapons, view themselves as the vanguard of Jewish redemption and operate outside the authority of the state, though often with its tacit approval. Key figures such as Meir Ettinger and Elisha Yered (see Section 7) orchestrated these attacks, viewing the displacement of Palestinians as a religious imperative.30
6. The Collapse of the Palestinian Authority and Resistance Dynamics
6.1 The Delegitimization of the PA
The events of 2025 shattered the remaining legitimacy of the Palestinian Authority. The failure of Operation Protect the Homeland in late 2024 demonstrated the PA’s inability to project power in the northern West Bank.13 Furthermore, the PA's inability to defend its citizens from either the IDF’s Iron Wall operation or the settler pogroms led to a collapse in public trust. In Jenin and Tulkarem, the PA security forces are widely viewed as collaborators, having withdrawn to their barracks while the IDF raided the camps.13
6.2 The Evolution of the Battalions
Resistance in the West Bank is no longer defined by the traditional hierarchies of Fatah or Hamas but by localized, cross-factional "Battalions" (Katibat).
Tactical Adaptation: Facing the IDF's overwhelming armored superiority, groups like the Jenin Brigade and Tulkarem Brigade shifted tactics. They focused on the mass production of high-yield IEDs, burying them deep beneath roads to disable armored vehicles. This tactic directly necessitated the IDF’s use of D9 bulldozers.31
Leadership and Attrition: The IDF campaign took a heavy toll on the leadership of these groups. Muhammad Jaber "Abu Shuja", the charismatic leader of the Tulkarem Brigade, was killed during a raid in Nur Shams.32 Despite these losses, the groups demonstrated resilience, recruiting new members from the ranks of the displaced and disillusioned youth.32
Political Orientation: These groups operate under a "Unity of Fields" banner, receiving funding and ideological support from Iran and Gaza-based factions, but maintaining local operational autonomy.4
7. International Response: Sanctions and Geopolitics
7.1 The Sanctions Regime: A New Diplomatic Tool
In response to the unprecedented violence and the Israeli government's failure to prosecute perpetrators, the international community initiated a targeted sanctions regime. This marked a significant departure from traditional diplomatic condemnations.
Table 2: Key International Sanctions Against Israeli Settlers (November 2025)
Sanctioning Entity
Targets (Individuals/Entities)
Nature of Sanctions
Rationale
Singapore
Meir Mordechai Ettinger, Elisha Yered, Ben-Zion Gopstein, Baruch Marzel
Financial freeze, Entry ban
Involvement in "egregious acts of extremist violence" & jeopardizing two-state solution 30
United States
Various individuals/entities (under EO 14115)
Asset freeze, Visa ban
Destabilizing the West Bank; undermining security 35
European Union
Hilltop Youth leaders, specific outposts
Asset freeze, Travel ban
Human rights abuses, torture, property destruction 37
United Kingdom
Violent settler entities
Financial restrictions
Human rights violations 38
Singapore's Pivot: The decision by Singapore—a historically close military and diplomatic partner of Israel—to impose sanctions was a geopolitical shockwave. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs explicitly cited the settlers' threat to the two-state solution and international law, signaling that tolerance for Israeli settlement expansion policies was eroding even among its staunchest allies.30
7.2 The Trump Factor and the "20-Point Plan"
The geopolitical landscape was further complicated by the transition to the Donald Trump administration in the United States. In late 2025, the UN Security Council discussed Trump's "Comprehensive Plan to End the Gaza Conflict" (the 20-point plan).24 While primarily focused on Gaza (establishing a transitional government and stabilization force), the plan created ambiguity regarding the West Bank.
Settler Expectations: Israeli right-wing leaders viewed the Trump victory as a green light for annexation.
Counter-Pressure: US lawmakers, including Senator Cory Booker and Rep. Dan Goldman, urged the incoming administration not to lift Biden-era sanctions, warning that unchecked settler violence threatened regional stability.35
8. Strategic Outlook: The "Gaza-fication" of the West Bank
As 2025 draws to a close, the West Bank has been fundamentally transformed. The "Iron Wall" operation has eroded the distinction between the combat zone of Gaza and the policing zone of the West Bank.
8.1 De Facto Annexation
The combination of military destruction in Area A and settler expansion in Area C suggests that the "Decisive Plan" is effectively being implemented. The destruction of refugee camp infrastructure serves to encourage emigration, while the legalization of outposts solidifies Jewish control over the territory's strategic depth. The transfer of powers from the military Civil Administration to civilian ministries under Smotrich further cements this de facto annexation.12
8.2 Future Scenarios for 2026
Total Collapse of the PA: With its legitimacy shredded and its finances strangled by Smotrich, the PA faces imminent collapse. This would force the IDF to assume full civil responsibility for millions of Palestinians, a scenario the security establishment dreads but the political right welcomes.
The Third Intifada: The mass displacement and despair in the camps provide fertile ground for a general uprising. Unlike previous intifadas, this would likely involve heavily armed "battalions" utilizing IEDs and anti-tank weapons, leading to a much higher intensity of conflict.3
Regional War: The "Ring of Fire" strategy remains active. Continued escalation in the West Bank could serve as the trigger for a broader conflict involving Hezbollah and other Iranian proxies, utilizing the West Bank as a launchpad for attacks into central Israel.3
9. Conclusion
Operation Iron Wall represents a historical inflection point. The Israeli government has abandoned the strategy of conflict management in favor of a strategy of decisive victory. However, the costs of this decision are immense: the humanitarian devastation of the refugee camps, the destabilization of the region, and the growing pariah status of the Israeli settlement enterprise on the world stage. The "Iron Wall" has been erected, but rather than ensuring security, it may have trapped both populations in a cycle of escalating violence with no exit in sight.
Appendix: Key Data Points (2025)
Casualties and Displacement:
Displaced Palestinians (West Bank): 32,000 – 40,000 4
Palestinian Fatalities (West Bank, Jan-Nov 2025): >200 (including 50 children) 40
Settler Attacks (Oct 2025): 260+ incidents 24
Israeli Fatalities (West Bank, Jan-Sept 2025): ~38 27
Sanctioned Individuals (Singapore/International Lists):
Meir Mordechai Ettinger: Grandson of Meir Kahane, leader of radical Hilltop Youth.
Elisha Yered: Former spokesperson for MK Limor Son Har-Melech, involved in the Burqa shooting.
Ben-Zion Gopstein: Leader of Lehava, sanctioned for incitement and violence.
Baruch Marzel: Kahanist activist, long-time leader of the settler movement in Hebron.30
Military Units Involved in Iron Wall:
98th Paratroopers Division: Spearheaded the operation.
Kfir Brigade: Specialized in West Bank urban warfare.
Duvdevan & Egoz Units: Conducted targeted assassinations and arrests.
Combat Engineering Corps: Operated the D9 bulldozers responsible for infrastructure destruction.4
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